History+Review


 * Chapter 23 **
 * Missionary Diplomacy **was [|Woodrow Wilson]'s idea of the [|United States]' [|moral responsibility] to deny recognition to any [|Latin American] government that was viewed as hostile to American interests. This was the first time America had failed to recognize any government, besides the Confederacy.[|[1]] It was an expansion of President [|James Monroe]'s 1823 [|Monroe Doctrine].
 * Victoriano Huerta ** President of Mexico


 * The Guns of August **a [|military history] book written by [|Barbara Tuchman]. It primarily describes in great detail the events of the first month of [|World War I]


 * Arms Race **Each party competes to produce larger numbers of [|weapons], greater armies, or superior [|military technology] in a [|technological escalation].


 * Central Powers ** Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria


 * Allied Powers **France, Russia, Britain & it's Empire (inc. Australia,New Zealand,Canada,India,South Africa,W.Indies) Serbia and eventually USA.


 * Neutrality ** The US wanted to stay out of the war


 * // Lusitania //** It was a passenger liner sunk by a German submarine during War World 1. It lead toAmerica to declare war onGermany.

Following the use of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany in the [|First World War], countries tried to limit, even abolish, submarines. Instead, the [|London Naval Treaty] required submarines to abide by "cruiser rules". These regulations did not prohibit arming merchantmen[|[4]] but arming them or having them report contact with submarines (or [|raiders]), made them //de facto// naval auxiliaries and removed the protection of the cruiser rules.[|[5]] This made restrictions on submarines moot.[|[6]] While such tactics increase the combat effectiveness of the submarine and improve its chances of survival, they are considered by some[|[7]] to be a breach of the [|rules of war], especially when employed against [|neutral country] vessels in a war zone.
 * Unrestricted Submarine Warfare **a type of [|naval warfare] in which [|submarines] sink [|merchantmen] without warning, as opposed to attacks //per// [|prize rules] (commonly known as "cruiser rules"). Cruiser rules demand submarines surface and search merchantmen,[|[1]] and place crews in "a place of safety" (for which lifeboats did not qualify, except under particular circumstances)[|[2]] before sinking them, unless the ship showed "persistent refusal to stop...or active resistance to visit or search".[|[3]]


 * “He kept us out of war” ** Woodrow Wilson


 * “Peace without Victory” ** Woodrow Wilson


 * Zimmerman Telegram (Note) ** Led to US entering war


 * Russian Revolution ** Russia withdrawals from WW1


 * Trench Warfare ** fighting in trenches


 * Bolsheviks **They ultimately became the [|Communist Party of the Soviet Union].[|[5]] The Bolsheviks came to power in [|Russia] during the [|October Revolution] phase of the [|Russian Revolution of 1917], and founded the [|Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]


 * Vladimir Lenin ** founder of the Bolsheviks


 * Selective Service Act ** the draft for WW1
 * Liberty/Victory Bonds **A **Liberty Bond** was a [|war bond] that was sold in the [|United States] to support the allied cause in [|World War I]. Subscribing to the bonds became a symbol of patriotic duty in the United States and introduced the idea of financial securities to many citizens for the first time. The Act of Congress which authorized the Liberty Bonds is still used today as the authority under which all U.S. Treasury bonds are issued.
 * War Industries Board **(WIB) was a [|United States] government agency established on July 28, 1917, during [|World War I], to coordinate the purchase of war supplies.[|[1]] The organization encouraged companies to use [|mass-production] techniques to increase efficiency and urged them to eliminate waste by standardizing products. The board set production quotas and allocated raw materials. It also conducted psychological testing to help people find the right jobs.
 * U.S. **** Food Administration **responsible agency for the administration of the [|allies'] food reserves. One of its important tasks was the stabilization of the price of wheat on the U. S


 * Alice Paul **was an American [|suffragist] and activist. Along with [|Lucy Burns] and others, she led a successful campaign for [|women's suffrage] that resulted in the passage of the [|Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution] in 1920.[|[1]]
 * Great Migration **the movement of 6 million [|African Americans] out of the [|Southern United States] to the [|Northeast], [|Midwest], and [|West] from 1910 to 1970.


 * Committee on Public Information **also known as the **CPI** or the **Creel Committee**, was an [|independent agency] of the [|government of the United States] created to influence U.S. public opinion regarding American participation in [|World War I]. Over just 28 months, from April 13, 1917, to August 21, 1919, it used every medium available to create enthusiasm for the war effort and enlist public support against foreign attempts to undercut America's war aims.
 * “100 Percent Americanism” ** everyone helped with the war


 * Espionage and Sedition Acts **It originally prohibited any attempt to interfere with [|military operations]
 * Eugene V. Debs **American [|union] leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the [|Industrial Workers of the World] (IWW or the Wobblies), and several times the candidate of the [|Socialist Party of America] for [|President of the United States].[|[1]] Through his presidential candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best-known [|socialists] living in the United States.
 * 1) ** Wilson **** ’s Fourteen Points **There should be no secret alliances between countries
 * 2) Freedom of the seas in peace and war
 * 3) The reduction of trade barriers among nations
 * 4) The general reduction of armaments
 * 5) The adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of the inhabitants as well as of the colonial powers
 * 6) The evacuation of Russian territory and a welcome for its government to the society of nations
 * 7) The restoration of Belgian territories in Germany
 * 8) The evacuation of all French territory, including Alsace-Lorraine
 * 9) The readjustment of Italian boundaries along clearly recognizable lines of nationality
 * 10) Independence for various national groups in Austria-Hungary
 * 11) The restoration of the Balkan nations and free access to the sea for Serbia
 * 12) Protection for minorities in Turkey and the free passage of the ships of all nations through the Dardanelles
 * 13) Independence for Poland, including access to the sea
 * 14) A league of nations to protect "mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small nations alike."
 * Treaty of Versailles **ended the [|state of war] between [|Germany] and [|the Allied Powers].


 * League of Nations **first permanent international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace


 * War Reparations **payments intended to cover damage or injury during a war


 * Red Scare ** fear of spreading communism


 * Palmer Raids **attempts by the [|United States Department of Justice] to arrest and deport radical [|leftists]

** Chapter 24 **


 * Aimee Semple McPherson ** evangelist ( practice of relaying information about a particular set of beliefs to others who do not hold those beliefs)


 * Consumer Economy (Culture) ** buy goods and services


 * Henry Ford ** creator of Ford, created assembly line


 * Car Culture ** cars became cheaper and more people bought them


 * Consumer Credit ** debt/ repaying debt plus interest


 * Margaret Sanger ** promoted birth control
 * Flappers **a "new breed" of young [|Western] women who wore short skirts, [|bobbed] their hair, listened to [|jazz], and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior. Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, [|drinking], treating [|sex in a casual manner], [|smoking], driving [|automobiles] and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms.[|[1]]
 * Mass Media ** spread of media


 * Cult of Celebrity ** famous for being famous….famous for nothing


 * Charles Lindbergh **American aviator, author, inventor, explorer, and social activist


 * Babe Ruth ** famous baseball player


 * King Oliver ** famous jazz player


 * “White Jazz” ** jazz music played by whites


 * The Charleston ** a famous dance
 * Sinclair Lewis ** author known for his critical views of American society and [|capitalist] values, as well as for their strong characterizations of modern working women.
 * F. Scott Fitzgerald ** author of The Great Gatsby


 * Marcus Garvey **He founded the [|Black Star Line], part of the [|Back-to-Africa movement], which promoted the return of the African Diaspora to their ancestral lands.


 * Harlem **** Renaissance **"New Negro Movement",


 * W.E.B. Du Bois **an American [|sociologist], [|historian], [|civil rights activist], [|Pan-Africanist], author and editor.
 * Nativism **a term used by scholars to refer to ethnocentric beliefs relating to immigration and nationalism; antiforeignism
 * Sacco and Vanzetti **[|anarchists] who were convicted of murdering two men during a 1920 [|armed robbery] in [|South Braintree], [|Massachusetts], United States. After a controversial trial and a series of appeals, the two [|Italian] [|immigrants] were executed


 * National Origins Act **limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country


 * Prohibition ** ban of alcohol
 * Billy Sunday **the most celebrated and influential American [|evangelist] during the first two decades of the 20th century.[|[1]]
 * Scopes Trial **high school science teacher, [|John Scopes], was accused of violating Tennessee's [|Butler Act] which made it unlawful to teach [|evolution] in any state-funded school.[|[1]]
 * The New Klan **


 * “Normalcy” **a return to the way of life before [|World War I], and also staying out of foreign nations affairs, i.e.- worrying about ourselves


 * Teapot Dome **The scandal also was a key factor in posthumously further destroying the public reputation of the Harding administration, which was already unpopular due to its poor handling of the [|Great Railroad Strike of 1922] and the President's veto of the [|Bonus Bill] in 1922.


 * “Businessman’s Government” **


 * Bull Market **upward and downward market trends
 * Buying on Margin **buying securities with cash borrowed from a [|broker], using other securities as collateral. This has the effect of magnifying any profit or loss made on the securities. The securities serve as collateral for the loan. The net value, i.e. the difference between the value of the securities and the loan, is initially equal to the amount of one's own cash used. This difference has to stay above a **minimum margin requirement**, the purpose of which is to protect the broker against a fall in the value of the securities to the point that the investor can no longer cover the loan.
 * The Great Crash ** the stock market crash


 * Decline in Purchasing Power ** money is worth less
 * Culture Wars of the 1920’s ** old ways vs. new ways

** Chapter 25 **
 * Hoovervilles **[|shanty towns] built by homeless people during the [|Great Depression]


 * Dust Bowl ** dust storms


 * LULAC ****League of United Latin American Citizens** (LULAC) was created to combat the [|discrimination] that [|Hispanics] face in the United States.


 * Scottsboro Boys **nine black teenage boys accused of [|rape] in Alabama in 1931.


 * Smoot Hawley Tariff **raised [|U.S.] [|tariffs] on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels


 * Reconstruction Finance Corp **gave $2 billion in aid to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, mortgage associations and other businesses. The loans were nearly all repaid. It was continued by the [|New Deal] and played a major role in handling the [|Great Depression in the United States] and setting up the relief programs that were taken over by the [|New Deal] in 1933.[|[]


 * The Bonus Army **assemblage of some 43,000 marchers—17,000 [|World War I] veterans, their families, and affiliated groups—who gathered in Washington, D.C., in the spring and summer of 1932 to demand immediate cash-payment redemption of their service certificates.


 * The New Deal ** FDR’s solution


 * The First Hundred Days **Roosevelt responded with a remarkable series of new programs in the “first hundred days” of the administration, in which he met with Congress for 100 days. During those 100 days of lawmaking, Congress granted every request Roosevelt asked, and passed a few programs (such as the FDIC to insure bank accounts) that he opposed. Ever since, presidents have been judged against FDR for what they accomplished in their first 100 days.
 * Relief, Recovery, Reform (the 3 R’s) **


 * Bank Holiday ** banks were closed to be checked by government
 * Emergency Banking Act **This act allows only Federal Reserve-approved banks to operate in the United States of America.
 * Glass-Steagall Act **law that established the [|Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation] FDIC


 * Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) **regulating the [|securities] industry, the nation's stock and options exchanges


 * Federal Emergency Relief Administration **was the new name given by the Roosevelt Administration to the **Emergency Relief Administration** (ERA) which President [|Herbert Hoover] had created in 1932. FERA was established as a result of the Federal Emergency Relief Act and was replaced in 1935 by the [|Works Progress Administration] (WPA).
 * Civilian Conservation Corp. (CCC) **was a public [|work relief program] that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men from relief families, ages 17-23. A part of the [|New Deal] of President [|Franklin D. Roosevelt], it provided unskilled manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of [|natural resources] in rural lands owned by federal, state and local governments. The CCC was designed to provide employment for young men in relief families who had difficulty finding jobs during the [|Great Depression] while at the same time implementing a general natural resource conservation program in every state and territory.


 * Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) **provide [|navigation], [|flood] [|control], [|electricity generation], [|fertilizer] manufacturing, and [|economic development] in the [|Tennessee Valley]


 * National Recovery Administration (NRA) **The goal was to eliminate "cut-throat competition" by bringing industry, labor and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices. The NRA was created by the [|National Industrial Recovery Act] (NIRA) and allowed industries to get together and write "codes of fair competition." The codes were intended to reduce "destructive competition" and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours, as well as minimum prices at which products could be sold.


 * Agriculture Adjustment Administration (AAA) **restricted agricultural production by paying farmers [|subsidies] not to plant part of their land


 * Second New Deal **improved use of national resources, security against old age, unemployment and illness, and slum clearance, as well as a national welfare program (the WPA) to replace state relief efforts. It is usually dated 1935-36, and includes programs to redistribute wealth, income and power in favor of the poor, the old, farmers and labor unions. The most important programs included [|Social Security], the [|National Labor Relations Act] ("Wagner Act"), the Banking Act, [|rural electrification], and [|breaking up utility holding companies].


 * American Liberty League **political organization formed in 1934 by conservative [|Democrats] to oppose the [|New Deal] of [|Franklin D. Roosevelt]. It was active for just two years. Following the landslide re-election of Roosevelt in 1936, it sharply reduced its activities and disbanded in 1940.
 * Huey Long **created the [|Share Our Wealth] program in 1934 with the motto "[|Every Man a King]", proposing new [|wealth redistribution] measures in the form of a [|net asset tax] on corporations and individuals to curb the poverty and homelessness endemic nationwide during the [|Great Depression]. To stimulate the economy, Long advocated federal spending on [|public works], schools and colleges, and [|old age pensions]. He was an ardent critic of the [|Federal Reserve System]'s policies. Charismatic and immensely popular for his programs and willingness to take forceful action, Long was accused by his opponents of dictatorial tendencies for his near-total control of the state government.
 * Charles Coughlin **one of the first political leaders to use [|radio] to reach a mass audience, as more than thirty million tuned to his weekly broadcasts during the 1930s.[|[1]] Early in his career Coughlin was a vocal supporter of [|Franklin D. Roosevelt] and his early [|New Deal] proposals, before later becoming a harsh critic of Roosevelt as too friendly to bankers.[|[2]] In 1934 he announced a new political organization called the National Union for Social Justice. He wrote a platform calling for monetary reforms, the nationalization of major industries and railroads, and protection of the rights of labor. The membership ran into the millions, resembling the [|Populist] movement of the 1890s
 * Francis Townsend **best known for his revolving old-age [|pension] proposal during the [|Great Depression]. Known as the "Townsend Plan," this proposal influenced the establishment of the [|Roosevelt administration]'s [|Social Security] system.


 * Works Progress Administration (WPA) **largest and most ambitious [|New Deal agency], employing millions of unskilled workers to carry out [|public works] projects,[|[1]] including the construction of public buildings and roads, and operated large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects
 * Social Security Act ** retirement money
 * Wagner Act ** supports labor unions


 * Wealth Tax **


 * Federal Reserve Board **main governing body of the [|Federal Reserve System]. It is charged with overseeing the 12 District Reserve Banks and with helping implement national monetary policy. Governors are appointed by the [|President of the United States] and confirmed by the [|Senate] for staggered, 14-year terms. By law, the appointments must yield a "fair representation of the financial, agricultural, industrial, and commercial interests and geographical divisions of the country"


 * Rural Electrification Administration (REA) **charged with providing [|public utilities] ([|electricity], [|telephone], [|water], [|sewer]) to [|rural] areas in the [|United States] via [|public-private partnerships]


 * Marian Anderson **one of the most celebrated singers of the twentieth century


 * Indian Reorganization Act **secured certain rights to [|Native Americans], including [|Alaska Natives].[|[1]] These include actions that contributed to the reversal of the [|Dawes Act]'s [|privatization] of communal holdings of [|American Indian tribes] and a return to local [|self-government] on a tribal basis. The Act also restored to Native Americans the management of their assets (being mainly land) and included provisions intended to create a sound economic foundation for the inhabitants of [|Indian reservations].
 * Congress Industrial Organizations (CIO) **a federation of [|unions] that organized workers in [|industrial unions]


 * Court Packing ** FDR tried to stack the supreme court judges


 * John Maynard Keynes ** get debt in times of trouble pay it off later

Chapter 26

the [|foreign policy] of the administration of [|United States] President [|Franklin Roosevelt] toward the countries of [|Latin America]. Its main principle was that of non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America. It also reinforced the idea that the United States would be a “good neighbor” and engage in reciprocal exchanges with Latin American countries[|[][|1][|]]. Overall, the Roosevelt administration expected that this new policy would create new economic opportunities in the form of reciprocal trade agreements and reassert the influence of the United States in Latin America, however many Latin American governments were not convinced.[|[][|2][|]] the policy or doctrine of isolating one's country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into alliances, foreign economic commitments, foreign trade, international agreements, etc., seeking to devote the entire efforts of one's country to its own advancement and remain at peace by avoiding foreign entanglements and responsibilities. The purpose was to hold neutrality between the United States and European countries while still giving aid to Britain, exploiting the fact that Germany had no funds and could not reliably ship across the British-controlled Atlantic. Various policies forbade selling implements of war or lending money to belligerent countries under any terms.[//[|clarification needed]//] The U.S. economy was rebounding at this time, following the [|Great Depression], but there was still a need for industrial manufacturing jobs. The cash and carry program helped to solve this issue and in turn Great Britain benefited from the purchase of arms and other goods. given by U.S. President [Franklin D. Roosevelt] on October 5, 1937 in [Chicago], calling for an international "quarantine of the aggressor nations" as an alternative to the political climate of American neutrality and non-intervention that was prevalent at the time. The speech intensified America's isolationist mood, causing protest by non-interventionists and foes to intervene. No countries were directly mentioned in the speech, although it was interpreted as referring to Japan, Italy, and Germany.[|[][|1][|]] Roosevelt suggested the use of economic pressure, a forceful response, but less direct than outright aggression. a diplomatic policy aimed at avoiding war by making concessions to an aggressor. Historian [|Paul Kennedy] defines it as "the policy of settling international quarrels by admitting and satisfying grievances through rational negotiation and compromise, thereby avoiding the resort to an armed conflict which would be expensive, bloody, and possibly dangerous." a line of concrete [|fortifications], tank obstacles, artillery [|casemates], machine gun posts, and other defenses, which [|France] constructed along its borders with Germany and Italy, in light of its experience in [|World War I], and in the run-up to [|World War II]. Generally the term describes only the defenses facing Germany, while the term [|Alpine Line] is used for the Franco-Italian defenses. "lightning war"; describing all-motorised [|force concentration] of tanks, infantry, artillery, combat engineers and air power, concentrating overwhelming force at high speed to break through enemy lines, and, once the lines are broken, proceeding without regard to its flank. Through constant motion, the blitzkrieg attempts to keep its enemy off-balance, making it difficult to respond effectively at any given point before the front has already moved on. During the [|interwar period], aircraft and tank technologies matured and were combined with systematic application of the German tactics of infiltration and bypassing of enemy strong points.[|[][|7][|]] When Germany [|invaded Poland in 1939], Western journalists adopted the term blitzkrieg to describe this form of [|armoured warfare].[|[][|8][|]] Blitzkrieg operations were very effective during the campaigns of 1939–1941. These operations were dependent on surprise penetrations (e.g. the penetration of the [|Ardennes] forest region), general enemy unpreparedness and an inability to react swiftly enough to the attacker's offensive operations. During the [|Battle of France], the French, who made attempts to re-form defensive lines along rivers, were constantly frustrated when German forces arrived there first and pressed on.[|[][|9][|]] Air battle for England" or "Air battle for Great Britain") is the name given to the [|World War II] air campaign waged by the German Air Force (//[|Luftwaffe]//) against the United Kingdom during the summer and autumn of 1940. The objective of the campaign was to gain [|air superiority] over the [|Royal Air Force] (RAF), especially [|Fighter Command]. The name derives from a [|famous speech] delivered by Prime Minister [|Winston Churchill] in the [|House of Commons]: "...the [|Battle of France] is over. I expect that the Battle of Britain is about to begin."[|[][|15][|]][|[][|16][|]] The Battle of Britain was the first major campaign to be fought entirely by air forces,[|[][|17][|]] and was also the largest and most sustained aerial bombing campaign to that date. From July 1940 coastal shipping convoys and shipping centres, such as [|Portsmouth], were the main targets; one month later the //Luftwaffe// shifted its attacks to RAF airfields and infrastructure. As the battle progressed the //Luftwaffe// also targeted [|aircraft factories] and ground [|infrastructure]. Eventually the //Luftwaffe// resorted to attacking areas of political significance and using [|terror bombing tactics].[|[][|nb 10][|]] the [|United States of America] supplied the [|United Kingdom], the [|Soviet Union], [|China], [|Free France], and other [|Allied nations] with [|materiel] between 1941 and 1945. It was signed into law on March 11, 1941, a year and a half after the outbreak of war in Europe in September 1939 but nine months before the U.S. entered the war in December 1941. Formally titled //**An Act to Further Promote the Defense of the United States**//, the Act effectively ended the United States' pretense of neutrality. defined the Allied goals for the post-war world. It was drafted by [|Britain] and the [|United States], and later agreed to by all the [|Allies]. The Charter stated the ideal goals of the war: no territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people; restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; free access to raw materials; reduction of trade restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of the use of force, as well as disarmament of aggressor nations. In the "[|Declaration by United Nations]" of 1 January 1942, the [|Allies of World War II] pledged adherence to the charter's principles. Japan bombs the US ** General Douglas MacArthur ** “ Wolfpacks” of World War II  “Big Three” of World War II is widely regarded as the most important naval battle of the [|Pacific Campaign] of [|World War II].[|[][|5][|]][|[][|6][|]][|[][|7][|]] Between 4 and 7 June 1942, only six months after [|Japan]'s [|attack on Pearl Harbor], and one month after the [|Battle of the Coral Sea], the [|United States Navy] decisively defeated an [|Imperial Japanese Navy] (IJN) attack against [|Midway Atoll], inflicting irreparable damage on the Japanese fleet[|[][|8][|]] Military historian [|John Keegan] has called it "the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare."[|[][|9][|]]. Rosie the Riveter Office of War Mobilization (OWM) produced the first [|atomic bomb] Internment Camps also known as the **Fair Employment Act**, was signed by [|President] [|Franklin D. Roosevelt] on June 25, 1941, to prohibit [|racial discrimination] in the national [|defense industry]. It was the first federal action, though not a law, to promote [|equal opportunity] and prohibit employment discrimination in the [|United States]. The President's statement that accompanied the Order cited the war effort, saying that "the democratic way of life within the nation can be defended successfully only with the help and support of all groups," and cited reports of discrimination:[|[][|1][|]] Fair Employment Practices Commission Zoot Suiters The **Normandy landings**, codenamed **Operation Neptune**, were the [|landing operations] of the [|Allied] [|invasion of Normandy], in [|Operation Overlord], during [|World War II]. The landings commenced on Tuesday, June 6, 1944 (**D-Day**), beginning at 6:30 AM [|British Double Summer Time] (GMT+2). In planning, //[|D-Day]// was the term used for the day of actual landing, which was dependent on final approval. first aircraft to [|drop an atomic bomb] as a weapon of war. The bomb, code-named "[|Little Boy]", was targeted at the city of [|Hiroshima], Japan, and caused extensive destruction. The Holocaust 1944 meeting that laid the groundwork for the United Nations the scene of the [|Potsdam Conference] from 17 July, to 2 August 1945, at which the victorious [|Allied] leaders ([|Harry S. Truman]; [|Winston Churchill] and his successor, [|Clement Attlee]; and [|Joseph Stalin]) met to decide the future of Germany and postwar Europe in general. The conference ended with the [|Potsdam Agreement] and the [|Potsdam Declaration]. the [|Allied] (UK, US, USSR) plan of tripartite [|military occupation] and reconstruction of [|Germany]—referring to the [|German Reich] with its pre-war 1937 borders including the [|former eastern territories]—and the entire [|European Theatre of War] territory. It also included Germany's [|demilitarisation], [|reparations] and the prosecution of [|war criminals].
 * Good Neighbor Policy **
 * Isolationism **
 * Spanish Civil War **
 * ~  || Nationalist victory
 * Dissolution of the Second Spanish Republic
 * Beginning of [|Franco's dictatorship] ||
 * Policy of Cash and Carry **
 * FDR’s “Quarantine Speech” **
 * Appeasement (Munich) **
 * Maginot Line **
 * Blitzkrieg **
 * Battle of Britain **
 * Lend-Lease **
 * Atlantic Charter **
 * Pearl Harbor **
 * Battle of Midway **
 * Manhattan Project **
 * Executive Order 8802 **
 * D-Day **
 * // Enola Gay //**
 * Dumbarton Oaks **
 * Potsdam **
 * V-J Day **
 * Victory over Japan Day** (also known as **Victory in the Pacific Day**, **V-J Day**, or **V-P Day**) is a name chosen for the day on which the [|Surrender of Japan] occurred, effectively ending [|World War II]

Chapter 27

Mao rose to power by commanding the [|Long March], forming a [|Second United Front] with Nationalists during the [|Second Sino-Japanese War] to repel a [|Japanese] invasion and defeat conspiring [|regional warlords],[|[][|1][|]] and leading the [|Communist Party of China] (CPC) to victory against [|Chiang Kai-shek]'s [|Kuomintang] (KMT) in the [|Chinese Civil War]. Policy of Containment a policy set forth by the U.S. President [|Harry S Truman] in a speech[|[][|1][|]] on March 12, 1947 stating that the U.S. would support [|Greece] and [|Turkey] with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the [|Soviet] [|sphere].[|[][|2][|]] Historians often consider it as the start of the [|Cold War].[|[][|3][|]] the large-scale American program to aid [|Europe] where the [|United States] gave monetary support to help rebuild European economies after the end of [|World War II] in order to prevent the spread of Soviet [|communism] East Germany communist West Germany democracy The **Berlin Blockade** (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the [|Cold War]. During the multinational occupation of post–[|World War II] [|Germany], the [|Soviet Union] blocked the Western [|Allies]' railway, road and canal access to the sectors of [|Berlin] under Allied control. Their aim was to force the western powers to allow the Soviet zone to start supplying Berlin with food and fuel, thereby giving the Soviets practical control over the entire city. In response, the Western Allies organized the **Berlin Airlift** to carry supplies to the people in West Berlin.[|[][|1][|]][|[][|2][|]] The recently independent [|United States Air Force] and the United Kingdom's [|Royal Air Force] flew over 200,000 flights in one year, providing up to 4700 tons of daily necessities such as fuel and food to the Berliners.[|[][|3][|]] Alongside US and British personnel, the airlift involved aircrews from the [|Royal Australian Air Force], [|Royal Canadian Air Force], [|Royal New Zealand Air Force], and [|South African Air Force][|[][|4][|]]:338. By the spring of 1949, the effort was clearly succeeding and, by April, the airlift was delivering more cargo than had previously been transported into the city by rail. The success of the Berlin Airlift brought embarrassment to the Soviets who had refused to believe it could make a difference. The blockade was lifted in May 1949 and resulted in the creation of two separate German states.[|[][|3][|]] The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) split up Berlin an [|intergovernmental] [|military alliance] based on the [|North Atlantic Treaty] which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of [|collective defence] whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's headquarters are in [|Brussels], [|Belgium], one of the 28 member states across North America and Europe, the newest of which, Albania and Croatia, joined in April 2009. An additional 22 countries participate in NATO's [|Partnership for Peace], with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programs. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of [|the world's defence spending].[|[][|3][|]] For its first few years, NATO was not much more than a political association. However, the [|Korean War] galvanized the member states, and an integrated military structure was built up under the direction of two U.S. supreme commanders. The course of the [|Cold War] led to a rivalry with nations of the [|Warsaw Pact], which formed in 1955. The first [|NATO Secretary General], [|Lord Ismay], stated in 1949 that the organization's goal was "to keep the [|Russians] out, the Americans in, and the Germans down."[|[][|4][|]] Doubts over the strength of the relationship between the European states and the United States ebbed and flowed, along with doubts over the credibility of the NATO defence against a prospective Soviet invasion—doubts that led to the development of the [|independent French nuclear deterrent] and the withdrawal of the French from NATO's military structure in 1966. Founding of Israel the first [|black] [|Major League Baseball] (MLB) **Truman’s Executive Order 9981** abolished racial segregation in the armed forces. monitors the activities and power of [|labor unions] GI Bill Shocks of ‘49 Federal Employee Loyalty Program Berlin Airlift House Un-American Activities Committee a list or register of entities who, for one reason or another, are being denied a particular privilege, service, mobility, access or recognition. As a [|verb], to blacklist can mean to deny someone work in a particular field, or to [|ostracize] a person from a certain social circle. Conversely, a [|whitelist] is a list or compilation identifying entities that are accepted, recognized, or privileged. required [|Communist organizations] to register with the [|United States Attorney General] and established the [|Subversive Activities Control Board] to investigate persons suspected of engaging in subversive activities or otherwise promoting the establishment of a "totalitarian dictatorship," either fascist or communist. Members of these groups could not become citizens and in some cases were prevented from entering or leaving the country. Citizens found in violation could lose their citizenship in five years. The act also contained an Emergency Detention statute, giving the President the authority to apprehend and detain “each person as to whom there is a reasonable ground to believe that such person probably will engage in, or probably will conspire with others to engage in, acts of espionage or sabotage.”[|[][|3][|]] McCarthyism Big Lie symbolized the ideological fighting and physical boundary dividing [|Europe] into two separate areas from the end of [|World War II] in 1945 until the end of the [|Cold War] in 1991. On either side of the Iron Curtain, states developed their own international economic and military alliances: Physically, the Iron Curtain took the shape of border defences between the countries of [|Europe] in the middle of the continent. The most notable border was marked by the [|Berlin Wall], which served as a symbol of the Curtain as a whole.[|[][|1][|]] The events that demolished the Iron Curtain [|started] in discontent in [|Poland],[|[][|2][|]][|[][|3][|]] and continued in [|Hungary], [|German Democratic Republic] (East Germany), [|Bulgaria], [|Czechoslovakia] and [|Romania]. Romania was the only country in [|Europe] to violently overthrow its communist regime.[|[][|4][|]] Domino Theory North communist South democratic under Chiang's leadership, the Nationalists fought a nation-wide [|civil war] against the [|Communist Party of China] (CPC). After [|Japan invaded China in 1937], Chiang agreed to a temporary truce with the CPC. Despite some [|early cooperative military successes against Japan], by the time that the Japanese surrendered in 1945 neither the CPC nor the KMT trusted each other or were actively cooperating. After [|American-sponsored attempts to negotiate a coalition government] failed in 1946, the Chinese Civil War resumed. The CPC defeated the Nationalists in 1949, forcing Chiang's government to retreat to [|Taiwan]. After evacuating to Taiwan, Chiang's government continued to declare its intention to retake mainland China. Chiang ruled the island securely as the self-appointed [|President of the Republic of China] and Director-General of the Kuomintang until his [|death in 1975]. address made by [|Richard Nixon], the [|Republican] vice presidential candidate and junior [|United States Senator] from [|California], on television and radio on September 23, 1952. Senator Nixon had been accused of improprieties relating to a fund established by his backers to reimburse him for his political expenses. With his place on the Republican ticket in doubt, he flew to [|Los Angeles] and delivered a half-hour television address in which he defended himself, attacked his opponents, and urged the audience to contact the [|Republican National Committee] (RNC) to tell it whether he should remain on the ticket. During the speech, he stated that regardless of what anyone said, he intended to keep one gift: a black-and-white dog named Checkers by the Nixon children, thus giving the address its popular name. The media coverage, particularly television, greatly contributed to McCarthy's decline in popularity and his eventual [|censure] by the Senate the following December. [hide] || Chapter 28
 * Mao Zedong **
 * Truman Doctrine **
 * Marshall Plan **
 * Berlin Airlift **
 * NATO **
 * Jackie Robinson **
 * Tart-Hartley Act **
 * Blacklisting **
 * McCarran Act **
 * Iron Curtain **
 * Member countries of [|Council for Mutual Economic Assistance] and the [|Warsaw Pact], with the [|Soviet Union] as the leading country.
 * The [|European Community] members and the [|North Atlantic Treaty Organization] members and associated countries with the United States as the leading country.
 * Korean Police Action **
 * Chiang Kai-shek **
 * Checkers Speech **
 * Rosenberg Trial **
 * Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg** (September 25, 1915 [|[][|1][|]] – June 19, 1953) and **Julius Rosenberg** (May 12, 1918 – June 19, 1953) were [|American] [|communists] who were convicted and executed on June 19, 1953 for conspiracy to commit [|espionage] during a time of war. Their charges were related to the passing of information about the [|atomic bomb] to the [|Soviet Union]. This was the first execution of civilians for espionage in United States history.[|[]
 * Army-McCarthy Hearings **
 * ==Contents==
 * Edward R. Murrow **

Baby Boom four large suburban developments created in the United States Interstate highway Act migration of [|whites of various European ancestries] from racially mixed urban regions to more racially homogeneous [|suburban] or [|exurban] regions. It was first seen as originating from fear and anxiety about increasing minority populations California Dip Kensey Report a combination of two or more [|corporations] engaged in entirely different businesses that fall under one corporate structure (a [|corporate group]), usually involving a [|parent company] and several (or many) [|subsidiaries]. Often, a conglomerate is a **multi-industry company**. Conglomerates are often large and [|multinational]. Homogenized Society the earliest group of white musicians to bring rock and roll to the attention of white America and the rest of the world. During the period late 1954-late 195 Beatniks the practice of pushing dangerous events to the verge of—or to the //brink// of—disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome. It occurs in [|international politics], [|foreign policy], [|labour relations], and (in contemporary settings) [|military strategy] involving the threatened use of [|nuclear weapons]. Taiwan Dien Bien Phu significant figure in the early [|Cold War] era, advocating an aggressive stance against communism throughout the world. He advocated support of the French in their [|war against the Viet Minh in Indochina] and it is widely believed that he refused to shake the hand of [|Zhou Enlai] at the [|Geneva Conference] in 1954. He also played a major role in the [|Central Intelligence Agency] operation to overthrow the democratic [|Mossadegh] government of [|Iran] in 1953 ([|Operation Ajax]) and the democratic [|Arbenz] government of [|Guatemala] in 1954 ([|Operation PBSUCCESS]). Covert Operations led the [|Soviet Union] during part of the [|Cold War]. Sphere of Influence Balance of Power
 * Levittown **
 * White Flight **
 * Conglomerates **
 * Bill Haley and the Comets **
 * Jack Kerouac **
 * Beatnik** was a media stereotype of the 1950s and early 1960s that displayed the more superficial aspects of the [|Beat Generation] literary movement of the 1950s and violent film images, along with a cartoonish depiction of the real-life people and the spiritual quest in [|Jack Kerouac]'s autobiographical fiction. Kerouac spoke out against this detour from his original concept.
 * Brinksmanship **
 * John Foster Dulles **
 * Nikita Khrushchev **
 * Suez Canal **

artificial [|sea-level] waterway in [|Egypt], connecting the [|Mediterranean Sea] and the [|Red Sea]

Nationalism Fidel Castro Sputnik an [|American] [|pilot] whose [|Central Intelligence Agency][|[][|1][|]] [|U-2 spy plane] was shot down while flying a [|reconnaissance] mission over Soviet Union [|airspace], causing the [|1960 U-2 incident]. Military-Industrial Complex Nixon/Kennedy Debates played a large role in escalating the United States involvement in the [|Vietnam War] New Frontier Alliance for Progress Peace Corp Arms Race Space Race Bay of Pigs Berlin Wall Mutually Assured Destruction Cuban Missile Crisis “Hot Line”
 * Gary Powers **
 * Robert McNamara **

Chapter 29 American GI Forum

decided that [|Mexican Americans] and all other racial groups in the [|United States] had equal protection under the [|14th Amendment] of the [|U.S. Constitution]. CORE SNCC NAACP SCLC
 * // Hernandez v. Texas //**
 * Congress of Racial Equality**
 * Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee**
 * Southern Christian Leadership Conference** (**SCLC**) is an African-American [|civil rights] organization. SCLC was closely associated with its first president, Dr. [|Martin Luther King, Jr.] The SCLC had a large role in the American [|Civil Rights Movement]

Rosa Parks

Montgomery Bus boycott

Little Rock Central High School

While not the first [|sit-ins] of the [|African-American Civil Rights Movement], the Greensboro sit-ins were an instrumental action, leading to increased national sentiment at a crucial period in [|US history].[|[][|2][|]] The primary event took place at the [|Greensboro, North Carolina] Woolworth's store, now the [|International Civil Rights Center and Museum].
 * Joseph McNeill **

Sit-ins

Robert Kennedy

Freedom Rides

“Letter from Birmingham Jail”

March on Washington

Malcolm X

outlawed major forms of discrimination against African Americans and women, including racial segregation. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and [|racial segregation] in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public
 * Civil Rights Act of 1964 **

outlawed discriminatory voting practices
 * Voting rights Act of 1865 (1965?) **

Black Power

black activist active in the 1960s [|American Civil Rights Movement]. He rose to prominence first as a leader of the [|Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee] (SNCC, pronounced "snick") and later as the "[|Honorary] [|Prime Minister]" of the [|Black Panther Party]. Initially an [|integrationist], Carmichael later became affiliated with [|black nationalist] and [|Pan-Africanist] movements.[|[][|1][|]] He popularized the term "[|Black Power]".oll
 * Stokely Carmichael **

Black Panthers

The Great Society

Job Corps

VISTA

Medicare

Medicaid

// Miranda v. Arizona //

One Person, One Vote Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

Free Speech Movement

Mario Savio

Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)

Timothy Leary

Communes

Be-In

Haight-Ashbury

Woodstock Music Festival

Kent State and Jackson State


 * Chapter 30** Nixon Presidency will be on the final exam

regular supply of [|petroleum] to consuming nations, and a fair return on their capital to those investing in the petroleum industry.[|[3]]
 * Election of 1968** Johnson forced out of the race and Republican [|Richard Nixon] elected.
 * Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)** an agency of the [|United States Department of Labor]. Congress established the agency under the [|Occupational Safety and Health Act], which President Richard M. Nixon signed into law on December 29, 1970. OSHA's mission is to "assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance"
 * Affirmative Action** policies that take factors including "race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation or national origin"[|[1]] into consideration in order to benefit an underrepresented group "in areas of employment, education, and business",[|[2]] usually justified as countering the effects of a history of discrimination. In 1965, President [|Lyndon B. Johnson] issued [|Executive Order 11246] which required federal contractors to take "affirmative action" to hire without regard to race, religion and national origin. In 1968, gender was added to the anti-discrimination list.
 * Title IX** No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance...
 * Détente** is the easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation. The term is often used in reference to the general easing of relations between the [|Soviet Union] and the [|United States] in 1971, a thawing at a period roughly in the middle of the [|Cold War]. The period was characterized by the signing of [|treaties] such as the SALT I and the Helsinki Agreement. SALT II was discussed but never ratified by the United States. There is some debate amongst historians as to how successful the détente period was in achieving peace. The two superpowers agreed to install a direct hotline between Washington DC and Moscow, the so called [|red telephone], enabling both countries to quickly interact with each other in a time of urgency.**Pentagon Papers** a [|United States Department of Defense] history of the [|United States]' political-military involvement in [|Vietnam] from 1945 to 1967. The papers were first brought to the attention of the public on the front page of the [|//New York Times//] in 1971.[|[1]] A 1996 article in //The New York Times// said that the Pentagon Papers "demonstrated, among other things, that the [|Johnson] Administration had systematically lied, not only to the public but also to Congress, about a subject of transcendent national interest and significance".[|[2]] The report was declassified and publicly released in June 2011.**Watergate** a [|political scandal] that occurred in the United States in the 1970s as a result of the June 1972 break-in at the [|Democratic National Committee] headquarters at the [|Watergate office complex] in Washington, D.C., and the Nixon administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement. The scandal eventually led to the resignation of [|Richard Nixon], the President of the United States, on August 9, 1974, the only resignation of a U.S. President. The scandal also resulted in the [|indictment], trial, conviction and incarceration of 43 people, including dozens of top Nixon administration officials.
 * Stagflation** a situation in which the [|inflation rate] is high and the [|economic growth] rate slows down and unemployment remains steadily high.
 * OPEC** (**Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries**) one of the principal goals is the determination of the best means for safeguarding the organization's interests, individually and collectively. It also pursues ways and means of ensuring the stabilization of prices in international [|oil markets] with a view to eliminating harmful and unnecessary fluctuations; giving due regard at all times to the interests of the producing nations and to the necessity of securing a steady income to the producing countries; an efficient and
 * Helsinki Accords** The **Helsinki Final Act**, **Helsinki Accords** or **Helsinki Declaration** was the final act of the [|Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe] held in [|Helsinki], [|Finland], during July and August 1,1975. Thirty-five states, including the [|USA], [|Canada], and all [|European states] except [|Albania] and [|Andorra], signed the declaration in an attempt to improve relations between the Communist bloc and the West. The Helsinki Accords, however, were not binding as they did not have treaty status
 * Three Mile Island** site of the [|most significant accident in United States commercial nuclear energy], on March 28, 1979, when TMI-2 suffered a partial [|meltdown].
 * Camp David Accords** signed by [|Egyptian President] [|Anwar El Sadat] and [|Israeli Prime Minister] [|Menachem Begin] on September 17, 1978, following thirteen days of secret negotiations at [|Camp David].[|[1]] The two framework agreements were signed at the [|White House], and were witnessed by [|United States President] [|Jimmy Carter]. The second of these frameworks, //A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel//, led directly to the 1979 [|Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty], and resulted in Sadat and Begin sharing the 1978 [|Nobel Peace Prize].
 * Ayatollah Khomeini** an [|Iranian] religious leader and politician, and leader of the 1979 [|Iranian Revolution] which saw the overthrow of [|Mohammad Reza Pahlavi], the [|Shah] of Iran. Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's [|Supreme Leader] — a position created in the [|constitution] as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation — until his death.


 * Chapter 31**


 * Jerry Falwell’s Moral Majority**The Moral Majority was a political organization of the [|United States] which had an [|agenda] of [|evangelical] [|Christian]-oriented political [|lobbying]. It was founded in 1979 and dissolved in the late 1980s.
 * Equal Rights Amendment** a [|proposed amendment] to the [|United States Constitution]. The ERA was originally written by [|Alice Paul] and, in 1923, it was introduced in the Congress for the first time. In 1972, it passed both houses of Congress and went to the state legislatures for ratification. The ERA failed to receive the requisite number of [|ratifications] before the final deadline mandated by Congress of June 30, 1982 expired and so it was not adopted.
 * Phyllis Schlafly** American politically [|conservative] [|activist] and author who founded the [|Eagle Forum]. She is known for her opposition to modern feminism and for her campaign against the proposed [|Equal Rights Amendment].
 * “Right to Life”** anti abortion
 * California Proposition 13** The proposition decreased [|property taxes] by assessing property values at their 1975 value and restricted annual increases of assessed value of real property to an inflation factor, not to exceed 2% per year. It also prohibited reassessment of a new base year value except for (a) change in ownership or (b) completion of new construction.
 * “Family Values”**
 * Reagan Revolution**
 * Reaganomics** The four pillars of Reagan's economic policy were to reduce the growth of government spending, reduce income tax and capital gains tax, reduce government regulation of economy, and control money supply to reduce inflation.
 * PATCO** a [|United States] [|trade union] that operated from 1968 until its [|decertification] in 1981 following a strike that was broken by the [|Reagan Administration]. The 1981 strike and defeat of PATCO has been called "one of the most important events in late twentieth century U.S. labor history."
 * Yuppie** (short for "**young urban professional**" or "**young upwardly mobile professional**")[|[1]][|[2]] is a term that refers to a member of the [|upper middle class] or [|upper class] in their 20s or 30s.[|[3]] It first came into use in the early-1980s and largely faded from American [|popular culture] in the late-1980s, due to the [|1987 stock market crash] and the [|early 1990s recession].
 * Strategic Defense Initiative** proposed by U.S. President [|Ronald Reagan] on March 23, 1983,[|[1]] to use ground- and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic [|nuclear] [|ballistic missiles]. The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic offense doctrine of [|mutual assured destruction] (MAD).
 * Iran-Contra** senior Reagan administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to [|Iran], the subject of an arms embargo
 * Iranian Hostage Crisis** 66 Americans were held hostage for 444 days from November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981, after a group of [|Islamist] students and militants took over [|the American Embassy in Tehran] in support of the [|Iranian Revolution].[|[1]] President Carter called the hostages "victims of terrorism and anarchy", adding that the "United States will not yield to blackmail".[|[2]
 * Mikhail Gorbachev** Gorbachev's attempts at reform as well as summit conferences with United States President [|Ronald Reagan] and his reorientation of Soviet strategic aims contributed to the end of the [|Cold War], ended the political supremacy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), and led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
 * //Glasnost//** was a policy which called for increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the [|Soviet Union].
 * //Perestroika//** a political movement within the [|Communist Party of the Soviet Union] during the 1980s, widely associated with the [|Soviet] leader [|Mikhail Gorbachev] along with his other major policy reform he introduced known as [|glasnost], meaning "openness". Its literal meaning is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system.
 * Globalization** the increasing global relationships of [|culture], people, and economic activity.
 * Tiananmen Square** spurred by the death of deposed [|Communist Party General Secretary] [|Hu Yaobang], mass gatherings and protests took place in and around Tiananmen Square.[|[3]] The largely student-run demonstrations aimed for continued economic reform and liberalization,[|[4]] and eventually evolved into a mass movement for political reform and freedom of the press**Apartheid** a system of [|racial segregation] enforced through legislation by the [|National Party] governments, who were the ruling party from 1948 to 1994, of [|South Africa], under which the rights of the majority non-white inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and [|white supremacy] and [|Afrikaner] [|minority rule] was maintained. Apartheid was developed after [|World War II] by the [|Afrikaner]-dominated National Party and [|Broederbond] organizations and was practiced also in [|South West Africa], which was administered by South Africa under a [|League of Nations] mandate (revoked in 1966), until it gained independence as [|Namibia] in 1990.


 * Operation Desert Storm** The **Persian Gulf War** (2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991), codenamed **Operation Desert Storm** (17 January 1991 – 28 February 1991) commonly referred to as simply the **Gulf War**, was a war waged by a UN-authorized [|coalition force] from 34 nations led by the United States, against [|Iraq] in response to Iraq's [|invasion] and [|annexation] of Kuwait.


 * Chapter 32**

videotaped much of the incident from a distance.The footage showed seven officers surrounding the solitary King, with several LAPD officers repeatedly striking a helpless King with their batons while the other officers stood by watching, without taking any action to stop the beating. A portion of this footage was aired by news agencies around the world, causing public outrage that increased tension between the local black community and the LAPD and increased anger over [|police brutality], [|racism] and [|social inequalities] in [|Los Angeles].
 * “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell”**The act prohibited any homosexual or bisexual person from disclosing his or her [|sexual orientation] or from speaking about any homosexual relationships, including marriages or other familial attributes, while serving in the United States armed forces. The act specified that service members who disclose that they are homosexual or engage in homosexual conduct should be separated (discharged) except when a service member's conduct was "for the purpose of avoiding or terminating military service" or when it "would not be in the best interest of the armed forces".[|[2]]
 * NAFTA** The **North American Free Trade Agreement** (**NAFTA**) is an agreement signed by the governments of [|Canada], [|Mexico], and the [|United States], creating a trilateral [|trade bloc] in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994. It superseded the [|Canada – United States Free Trade Agreement] between the U.S. and Canada. In terms of combined [|GDP] of its members, as of 2010[|[update]] the trade bloc is the [|largest in the world].
 * Contract with America** The Contract with America was introduced six weeks before the 1994 Congressional election, the first mid-term election of President [|Bill Clinton]'s Administration, and was signed by all but two of the Republican members of the House and all of the Party's non-incumbent Republican Congressional candidates.Proponents say the Contract was revolutionary in its commitment to offering specific legislation for a vote, describing in detail the precise plan of the Congressional Representatives, and marked the first time since 1918 that a Congressional election had been run broadly on a national level. Furthermore, its provisions represented the view of many conservative Republicans on the issues of shrinking the size of government, promoting lower taxes and greater entrepreneurial activity, and both [|tort reform] and [|welfare reform].
 * Bosnia**
 * Enron Syndrome** **Enron Corporation** was an American energy, commodities, and services company based in [|Houston], Texas. Before its bankruptcy on December 2, 2001, Enron employed approximately 20,000 staff and was one of the world's leading electricity, natural gas, communications, and [|pulp] and paper companies, with claimed revenues of nearly $101 billion in 2000.[|[1]] //[|Fortune]// named Enron "America's Most Innovative Company" for six consecutive years. At the end of 2001, it was revealed that its reported financial condition was sustained substantially by institutionalized, systematic, and creatively planned [|accounting fraud], known as the "[|Enron scandal]". Enron has since become a popular symbol of willful corporate fraud and [|corruption]. The scandal also brought into question the accounting practices and activities of many corporations throughout the United States and was a factor in the creation of the [|Sarbanes–Oxley Act] of 2002
 * Latino**
 * Multiracial**
 * Rodney King** best known as a victim in a [|police brutality] case involving the [|Los Angeles Police Department] (LAPD) on March 3, 1991. A bystander, George Holliday,

international [|environmental] [|treaty] with the goal of achieving the "stabilisation of [|greenhouse gas] concentrations in the [|atmosphere] at a level that would [|prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system]."[|[5]]
 * Americans with Disabilities Act**
 * American Indian Movement** The organization was formed to address various issues concerning the Native American urban community in Minneapolis, including poverty, housing, treaty issues, and police harassment.[|[]
 * Multiculturalism**
 * Pluralism**
 * Bilingual Education**
 * Christian Coalition**
 * Defense of Marriage Act** a [|United States federal law] that defines marriage as the legal union of one man and one woman. The law passed both houses of [|Congress] by large majorities and was signed into law by [|President] [|Bill Clinton] on September 21, 1996.
 * Timothy McVeigh** was a [|United States Army] veteran and security guard who detonated a truck bomb in front of the [|Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building] in [|Oklahoma City] on April 19, 1995. Commonly referred to as the [|Oklahoma City Bombing], the attack killed 168 people and injured over 800 people,[|[3]] and was the deadliest act of [|terrorism] within the United States prior to the [|September 11, 2001 attacks].[|[3]] McVeigh, a [|militia movement] sympathizer, sought revenge against the federal government for its handling of the [|Waco Siege], which had ended in the deaths of 76 people exactly two years prior to the bombing, as well as for the [|Ruby Ridge] incident in 1992. McVeigh hoped to inspire a revolt against what he considered to be a tyrannical federal government. He was [|convicted] of 11 federal offenses and sentenced to death. His [|execution] took place on June 11, 2001 at the [|Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute, Indiana]. [|Terry Nichols] and [|Michael Fortier] were also convicted as conspirators in the plot.
 * Whitewater** Clinton controversy
 * Kenneth Starr**Starr filed the [|Starr Report] which alleged that Bill Clinton had lied about existence of the affair during a [|sworn] deposition. The allegation opened the door for the [|impeachment of Bill Clinton] and the five-year suspension of Clinton's law license.
 * Monica Lewinsky**
 * //Bush v. Gore//** the [|landmark] [|United States Supreme Court] decision that effectively resolved the [|2000 presidential election] in favor of [|George W. Bush]. Only eight days earlier, the United States Supreme Court had unanimously decided the closely related case of //[|Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board]//, 531 [|U.S.] [|70] (2000), and only three days earlier, had preliminarily halted [|the recount] that was occurring in [|Florida].
 * “Nation Building”**
 * Kyoto Protocol** a [|protocol] to the [|United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change] (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at fighting [|global warming]. The UNFCCC is an
 * Global Warming**
 * Bush Doctrine** a phrase used to describe various related [|foreign policy] principles of former [|United States] president [|George W. Bush]. The phrase was first used by [|Charles Krauthammer] in June 2001[|[1]] to describe the Bush Administration's unilateral withdrawals from the [|ABM treaty] and the [|Kyoto Protocol]. After [|9/11] the phrase described the policy that the United States had the right to secure itself against countries that harbor or give aid to terrorist groups, which was used to justify the 2001 [|invasion of Afghanistan].[|[]
 * Preemptive War** a [|war] that is commenced in an attempt to repel or defeat a perceived offensive or [|invasion], or to gain a strategic advantage in an impending (allegedly unavoidable) war //before that threat materializes//. It is a war which preemptively 'breaks the peace'.
 * National Security Strategy**
 * Axis of Evil** a term initially used by the former [|United States] [|President] [|George W. Bush] in his [|State of the Union Address] on January 29, 2002, and often repeated throughout [|his presidency], describing governments that he accused of helping [|terrorism] and seeking [|weapons of mass destruction]. Bush labeled [|Iran], [|Iraq] and [|North Korea] as the axis of [|evil].
 * Operation Iraqi Freedom**
 * Shiite** the second largest [|denomination] of [|Islam]
 * Sunni** the [|largest] [|branch] of [|Islam]**Patriot Act** The act, a response to the [|terrorist attacks of September 11th], dramatically reduced restrictions in law enforcement agencies' gathering of intelligence within the United States; expanded the [|Secretary of the Treasury’s] authority to regulate financial transactions, particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities; and broadened the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting [|immigrants] suspected of terrorism-related acts. The act also expanded the definition of terrorism to include [|domestic terrorism], thus enlarging the number of activities to which the USA PATRIOT Act’s expanded law enforcement powers can be applied.
 * Geneva Conventions** comprise four [|treaties], and three additional [|protocols], that establish the standards of [|international law] for the [|humanitarian] treatment of the victims of [|war].
 * Rendition**
 * Signing Statements**
 * Deindustrialization**
 * Katrina**
 * Patriot Act**
 * Abu Ghraib** The city is also the site of [|Abu Ghraib prison], which was one of the sites where political dissidents were incarcerated under former ruler [|Saddam Hussein]. Thousands of these dissidents were tortured and [|executed]. After Saddam Hussein's fall, the Abu Ghraib prison was used by American forces in Iraq. In 2003, Abu Ghraib prison earned international notoriety for the [|torture and abuses] by members of the [|United States Army Reserve] during the [|post-invasion period].


 * “Enemy Combatants”**In the [|United States] the phrase "enemy combatant" was used after the [|September 11 attacks] by the [|George W. Bush administration] to include an alleged member of [|al Qaeda] or the [|Taliban] being held in detention by the U.S. government as part of the [|war on terror]. In this sense, "enemy combatant" actually refers to persons the United States regards as [|unlawful combatants], a category of persons who do not qualify for [|prisoner-of-war] status under the [|Geneva Conventions]. Thus, the term "enemy combatant" has to be read in context to determine whether it means any combatant belonging to an enemy state, whether lawful or unlawful, or if it means an alleged member of [|al Qaeda] or of the [|Taliban] being detained as an unlawful combatant by the United States.